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Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive medication among patients with depression in the United States

manbetx安卓appvolume22, Article number:764(2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Hypertensive patients with depression have a higher mortality rate and a worse prognosis compared with hypertensive only. Depression may reduce medication adherence in hypertension patients.

Methods

This study includes respondents in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2005 to 2018 who had previously been diagnosed with hypertension. Medication adherence was defined as taking medication as recommended by a physician. The depressive state was assessed using the patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-9.

Results

Nine thousand one hundred eighty-six respondents were included in the analysis. Medication adherence was associated with depression (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26 to1.75) and depression score (OR: 1.04 per each point increase, 1.03 to 1.05) in the unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for clinical and socioeconomic/demographic factors, there were significant statistical correlations between depression score and medication adherence (aOR: 1.02 per each point increase, 1.00 to 1.03,p< 0.05), but there was no significant statistical correlation between depression and medication adherence (p> 0.05). It was still statistically significant relationships between sex, age, body mass index (BMI), race, marital status, and health insurance with medication adherence after adjusted socioeconomic/demographic factors.

Conclusion

Depression was marginally associated with poor medication adherence in hypertensive patients, and the correlation increased with depression degree. Moreover, socioeconomic/demographic factors have an independent impact on medication adherence including sex, age, BMI, race, marital status, and health insurance.

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Introduction

Hypertension is common in the United States (US) and is often poorly controlled [1］．Uncontrolled hypertension is a risk factor for many leading causes of death, including myocardial infarction and stroke [2］．Only around half of the patients with hypertension are treated [1］．Lack of treatment or poor adherence to prescribed antihypertensive medications is a significant contributor to the incidence of uncontrolled hypertension [3］．

Many factors may influence medication adherence, including sociodemographic characteristics, disease education, and national policies that alter access to medication [4］．The influence of psychological factors on medication adherence may also play a role, particularly in depression [5,6,7,8］．Hypertension and depression are risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and people with both conditions have a worse prognosis than those with hypertension alone [9,10］．Previous studies have shown the prevalence of depression among patients with hypertension to be between 26 and 57% [11,12,13］．Compared with nondepressed patients, the possibility was higher that depressed patients would be noncompliant with medical treatment recommendations [8］．

Although the relationship between depression and medication adherence has been explored in recent years, depression is associated with poor medication adherence, and other factors related to medication adherence have been analyzed. However, studies on the relationship between depression and antihypertensive medication adherence have not been clarified well, and the results have been inconsistent [5,14,15,16,17,18］．

In hypertension patients, we hypothesize that depression negatively affects medication adherence; other sociodemographic factors can also influence medication adherence. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between depression, sociodemographic characteristics and medication adherence in National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) respondents (2005–2018) with hypertension and who were prescribed antihypertensive medications [19］．

Methods

Sample

NHANES两年一次,横断面,multistage, stratified, clustered probability survey of the civilian, non-institutionalized US population conducted by the National Center of Health Statistics. This analysis used data extracted from the 2005–2018 surveys for respondents (≥18 years old) who reported being told more than twice by a healthcare professional that they had high blood pressure and needed to take prescribed medicine because of high blood pressure. Standardized questions to this effect were included in the NHANES home questionnaire, implemented by trained interviewers using the Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) system. All data were reviewed by the NHANES field office staff for accuracy and completeness. The NHANES protocol was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Ethics Review Board, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. In addition, this study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital. All NHANES data used in our analysis are publicly available athttps://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/．

Objective

The primary objective of this analysis was to look at the correlation between medication adherence and depression in hypertension patients. A secondary objective was to look at the influences of medication adherence by other sociodemographic factors.

Depressive symptoms

An overall depression score was obtained from NHANES respondents using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9. The PHQ-9 is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. It scores each of the nine Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria as “0” (not at all) to “3” (nearly every day). High scores for each item represent being frequently bothered by the symptom in the last 2 weeks. The final question assesses overall impairment due to depressive symptoms. A total score of ≥5 indicated that the respondent had mild to severe depression symptoms, while a total score of ≥10 indicated that the respondent had clinical depression or moderate to severe depression symptoms. Depression was defined as a PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 in our analysis [20,21］．

Sociodemographic characteristics

Sociodemographic characteristics included sex (grouped as male or female), age (< 30, 30–54, 55–74, or ≥ 75 years old), body mass index ([BMI] < 25, 25–30, or ≥ 30 m/kg2), race/ethnicity (Mexican American, other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, or other), marital status (married or unmarried), highest educational level (high school or less, some college, or college graduate or above), taking antidepressants (yes or no), health insurance (yes or no), health insurance cover prescriptions (yes or no) and family income (< 130, 130–349%, or ≥ 350% of the federal poverty level [FPL]) [22］．Family income was categorized using FPL information, which accounts for inflation and family size. The cut point for participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is 130% of the poverty level, and 350% provides equal sample sizes for each of the three income groups. After resting quietly in a sitting position for 5 minutes and determining the maximum inflation level, three consecutive blood pressure readings are obtained. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was obtained using the NHANES recommended method [23］．All were collected as part of the NHANES home questionnaire or physical examination in the mobile examination center, using standardized techniques and equipment.

Medication adherence

Data from the blood pressure & cholesterol section and prescription medications section of the NHANES questionnaire were used to assess medication adherence [24］．According to the blood pressure interview, we included patients with hypertension whom professionals advised to take antihypertensive medications (Fig.1）.在处方药部分,再保险spondents are asked if they have taken medications in the past 30 days for which they needed a prescription. Those who answer “yes” are asked to show the interviewer the medication containers of all the products used. For each medication reported, the interviewer enters the product’s complete name from the container into a computer. The respondents will be considered to be taking prescribed antihypertensive medications if these medications contain antihypertensive medications. We defined good medication adherence as taking prescribed antihypertensive medications that the respondent has been advised to abide by a doctor. Poor medication adherence was defined as being told of the need to take prescribed antihypertensive medications but not currently taking them [4,16］．

Fig. 1
figure 1

Screening flow of respondents included in research. Abbreviation: NHANES, National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire

Full size image

Statistical methods

Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 26. Quantitative variables were described using mean and standard deviation. Qualitative variables were defined using frequency with percentage. Quantitative variables were tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the type of distribution. Comparisons between groups were conducted using the Student’s t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test for quantitative characteristics, and the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test for qualitative characteristics. In the univariate analysis, multiple testing corrections adjustp-values derived from multiple statistical tests to correct for the occurrence of false positives, and the significance level was set at Bonferroni correctedp< 0.05/14 (the number of comparisons) = 0.0035. Due to the large number of risk factors investigated in this study, only elements with p < 0.05 in the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Model 1 was a multivariate logistic regression model including clinical and socioeconomic factors. Model 2 had demographic characteristics in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Model 3 was a multivariate logistic regression model including all mentioned control variables. Ap-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Twelve thousand five hundred ten NHANES respondents (2005–2018) had been told to take prescribed antihypertensive medications. After excluding data from 3324 respondents with incomplete medication records or incomplete PHQ-9 questionnaires, data for 9186 were eventually included in the analysis. Of these, 7908 (86.1%) respondents had good medication adherence (898 with depression and 7010 without), and 1278 (13.9%) had poor medication adherence (204 with depression and 1074 without; Fig.1）.The missing data of the included respondents are shown in eTable1．

Respondent characteristics

A summary of respondent characteristics for those who were and were not adherent to prescribed antihypertensive medication is shown in Table1．当组比较,显著的差异rences in adherence were seen by sex, age, BMI, race/ethnicity, marital status, family income, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), taking antidepressants, health insurance, depression score, and status. Numerically higher proportions of good medication adherence were female, ≥55 years of age, with a BMI ≥25, non-Hispanic White ethnicity, were married, and a family income ≥130% of FPL, with health insurance than comparator groups. The group with good medication adherence has lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Depression scores were significantly lower in patients with good medication adherence, and the proportion of respondents in each depression severity category was also lower.

Table 1 Respondent characteristics by adherence to prescribed antihypertensive medication
Full size table

The depression symptoms and medication adherence

The association between depression and medication adherence was presented in Table2and Fig.2．Poor medication adherence was associated with depression (odds ratio [OR]: 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.26 to1.75,p< 0.001) in the unadjusted analyses. Depression was positively associated with poor medication adherence after adjusted clinical and socioeconomic factors (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.28, 1.07 to1.53,p= 0.006, model 1), including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, family income, and health insurance. But, there was no significant statistical correlation between depression and poor medication adherence after adjusted demographic factors (aOR: 1.06, 0.87 to 1.29,p= 0.55, model 2; aOR: 1.21, 0.98 to 1.50,p= 0.075, model 3), included gender, age, educational level, marital status, BMI, race, family income, SBP, DBP, taking antidepressants and health insurance. In unadjusted analyses, we found a significant correlation between PHQ-9 score and poor medication adherence (OR: 1.04 per each point increase, 95% CI; 1.03 to 1.05,p< 0.001), with respondents with more severe depression having poorer adherence. When analyses were adjusted for sex, age, educational level, marital status, BMI, race, family income, SBP, DBP, taking antidepressants, and health insurance, the correlation between depression score and adherence was still statistically significant (aOR: 1.03 per each point increase, 1.01 to 1.04,p< .001, model 3). To figure out the associations between depression and other characteristics and significance in clinical outcomes, we further compared the baseline characteristics between groups categorized by depression (eTable2）.The results indicated that depression was affected by sex, age, educational level, marital status, BMI, race, family income, and health insurance (p < .001).

Table 2 Association between depression and antihypertensive medication adherence
Full size table
Fig. 2
figure 2

Associations of depression with poor medication adherence.aAssociations of the depression status with poor medication adherence;bAssociations of the PHQ-9 scores with poor medication adherence;*Model 1 adjusted for SBP, DBP, family income, and health insurance;*Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, educational level, marital status, BMI, and race;*Model 3 adjusted for sex, age, educational level, marital status, BMI, race, family income, SBP, DBP, and health insurance; Abbreviation: OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure

Full size image

The sociodemographic characteristics and medication adherence

We examined the correlation between sociodemographic characteristics and antihypertensive medication adherence (Table3）.In unadjusted analyses, being female (vs. male), having a higher BMI, older age, a non-Hispanic White or Black race/ethnicity (vs. Mexican American), being married (vs. unmarried), having a college graduate or above (vs. high school or less), having a higher family income, taking antidepressants (vs. not taking antidepressants) and having health insurance (vs. without health insurance) were associated with good medication adherence (p< 0.05). Except for the highest educational level and family income, these factors were also significant in the adjusted analyses, with similar OR.

表3降压效果不通过的风险sociodemographic characteristics
Full size table

Discussion

This study found that among US NHANES respondents (2005–2018) with prescribed antihypertensive medication, adherence was marginally worse in those with depression and also influenced by a range of sociodemographic characteristics. These respondents had 1.03 times the odds of being non-adherent per each PHQ-9 point increase, and poor antihypertensive medication adherence was more common in patients with worse depression.

Depression is common in patients with hypertension and is associated with a poorer diet, poorer prognosis, higher functional impairment, and higher healthcare costs [11,25］．Previous studies have found depression to reduce medication adherence [26］．针对病人智慧h hypertension, a cross-sectional study found a significant association between depressive symptoms and poor medication adherence [5］．Further, a cohort study of 2180 elderly patients with hypertension found those with depression and a low level of social support to have significantly worse medication adherence after 1 year [27］．Similar to these findings, our study observed poorer antihypertension medication adherence in patients with depression. Besides, we found that the risk of poor medication adherence is higher in those with higher depression scores. It denotes that the risk of non-adherence is higher in those with more severe depression. We should pay more attention to those hypertension patients with high depression scores and urge them to stick to medication in clinical work. We also demonstrated that the covariates (sex, age, highest educational level, marital status, BMI, race, family income, and health insurance) are associated with depression, which partly explains why the correlation between depression and medication adherence declined after adjustment for these factors. In previous studies, it had been confirmed that sex, age, education level, marital status, weight, race, economic status, and medical insurance are significantly correlated with depression [28,29,30,31］．

Recent evidence suggests that treating depression might improve medication adherence; however, the effectiveness of standard interventions in reducing medication non-adherence and early discontinuation has been limited [32］．Similar to previous studies, our study confirms that taking antidepressants was negatively associated with medication adherence (OR: 0.46, 0.36 to 0.59,p< 0.001). With the increasing incidence of depression in patients with hypertension, it is necessary to treat the whole person to achieve the best outcomes [11］．Clinicians should consider screening for depression in patients with hypertension and provide interventions where appropriate to help optimize medication adherence and patient prognosis [33］．In a randomized pilot trial that integrated depression treatment into the standard care for hypertension, improved adherence to antidepressant and antihypertensive medications improved depression outcomes, and blood pressure control was observed among primary care patients [34］．This outcome may also apply to other chronic diseases, as enhancing mental health care among those with chronic illnesses managed in primary care has been shown to improve outcomes and reduce healthcare costs [35］．

我们还发现,受访者是女性(vs．male), older, of non-Hispanic White or Black race (vs. Mexican American), married (vs. unmarried), with a higher BMI, and with health insurance were more likely to have better antihypertensive medication adherence. These findings are consistent with previous studies. The Take Control of Your Blood Pressure study showed that marriage was associated with better medication adherence [6］．It has been proved that marital status can affect the occurrence and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, and social causation theory suggests that individuals benefit from spousal support [36］．Moreover, awareness, treatment, and control of blood pressure are worse among a representative sample of noninstitutionalized US adults aged 18–39 years compared to those ≥40 years. Further, access to healthcare could influence the prescription of antihypertensive medications and the degree of primary care follow-up [37］．This factor would be most relevant in young men (who tend to lack insurance and primary care) and individuals with low Social and economic support (SES) [1］．Our findings have found poorer medication adherence in such individuals, younger men without health insurance.

There are several strengths to our study. Firstly, using the NHANES database allowed access to a large, ethnically diverse, and nationally representative sample of respondents. The NHANES is conducted with a standardized methodology, and the data is high quality. This will make our results more stable and convincing. Secondly, using the PHQ-9 scale allowed a validated assessment of depression. Thirdly, our analyses on depression included adjustment for several sociodemographic factors, which were also found to influence medication adherence significantly.

Our study also had some limitations. The main one is that there was no formal assessment of medication adherence. This was inferred from responses to the NHANES questionnaire. Observational data from questionnaires also have an inherent risk of recall bias. In addition, we have yet to explore adherence to medication regimens due to the lack of medication regimen records designed by a professional doctor.

Conclusion

Depression was associated with poor medication adherence in hypertensive patients, and the correlation increased with depression degree. Variables confirmed in the logistic regression model as having an independent impact on medication adherence include sex, age, race, marital status, BMI, and health insurance.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available in the NHANES repository,https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/．

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Acknowledgments

Not applicable.

Funding

Source of Support: This work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2021A1515011118,2021A1515011781), Guangdong Medical Science and Technology Research Fund (No. A2021194), Start-up Funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.8207120182, 8207050582, 8217142362) and the High-level Hospital Construction Project of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (DFJH201811, DFJH201922, and DFJH2020003).

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Author notes

  1. Quanjun Liu and Haochen Wang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 106 Zhongshan er Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

    Quanjun Liu, Haochen Wang, Anbang Liu, Cheng Jiang, Weiya Li, Huan Ma & Qingshan Geng

  2. School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Quanjun Liu, Anbang Liu & Qingshan Geng

  3. Shenzhen People’s Hospital, No. 1017, Dongmen North Road, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong, China

    Qingshan Geng

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Contributions

QL and HW contributed to the study design, data interpretation, and report writing. HM and QG contributed to the study design. AL, CJ, and WL contributed to data collection and provision of patients. All authors reviewed the data analyses, contributed to data interpretation and writing of the manuscript, approved the final version, and were responsible for the decision to submit the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence toHuan MaorQingshan Geng．

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (ethical code: KY-Q-2022-334-01), and all participants signed written informed consent forms. All methods were performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations.

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We don’t have any financial and non-financial competing interests.

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Liu, Q., Wang, H., Liu, A.et al.Adherence to prescribed antihypertensive medication among patients with depression in the United States.manbetx安卓app22, 764 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04424-x

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Keywords

  • Depression
  • Hypertension
  • Medication adherence

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